Final Report for DOE Grant
نویسنده
چکیده
The Clostridia are a diverse group of gram-positive, rod-shaped anaerobes that include several toxin-producing pathogens (notably C. difSiciZe, C. botulinum, C. tetuni, and C. perfringens) and a large number of terrestrial species that produce acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and organic acids through fermentation of a variety of carbon ~ o u r c e s ~ ~ . Isolates of C. ucetobutylicum were first identified between 1912 and 1914, and these were used to develop an industrial starch-based ABE fermentation process, to produce acetone for gunpowder production, by Chaim Weizmann during the First World During the 1920s and 1930s, increased demand for butanol led to the establishment of large fermentation factories and a more efficient molasses-based p r o ~ e s s ~ ' ~ . However, the establishment of more cost-effective petrochemical processes during the 1950s led to the abandonment of the ABE process in all but a few countries. The rise in oil prices during the 1970s stimulated renewed interest in the ABE process, and in the genetic manipulation of C. ucetobutylicum and related species to improve the yield and punty of solvents from a broader range of fermentation substrates 7,10,11 . This has developed into an active research area over the past two decades.
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تاریخ انتشار 2005